Some synonyms for “vomit” (n,v) in English

• barf
• blow
• blow chunks
• boak
• bow down before the porcelain god
• chunder
• honk
• hurl
• puke
• purge
• ride the porcelain bus
• (be) sick
• spew
• technicolor (yawn OR dream)
• throw up
• toss your cookies
• upchuck

Many thanks to Jav, Kelly-Lee, and Allison for their contributions.

So does vomit have a special meaning for speakers of English?

Just putting a lid on the whole notion of linguistic relativity.